A person writing Braille with the slate and stylus begins at the right side of the paper and ends the line on the left, since the dots are being produced on the underside of the paper. The Braille slate can be made of metal or plastic and is hinged so that there is a guide under the paper as well as on top of it. The stylus is used to push dots down through the paper, while the slate serves as a guide. Writing Braille with a slate and stylus compares to writing print with a pen or pencil. Pushing various combinations of the keys on the Braille writer produces different letters of the alphabet and other Braille symbols. If they are all pushed at the same time, they will cause six dots to be raised on the paper in the formation of a Braille cell. These keys can be pushed separately or altogether. A Braille writing machine (comparable to a typewriter) has a keyboard of only six keys and a space bar, instead of one key for each letter of the alphabet. Today there are three methods of writing Braille, just as there are two methods of writing print. Therefore, Braille books are quite bulky. Braille is written on heavy paper, and the raised dots prevent the pages from lying smoothly together as they would in a print book. These must be memorized, but most Braille readers and writers find them convenient, rather than a problem. Some abbreviations are used in standard American Braille in order to reduce its bulk. Thus, 1 is number sign a 2 is number sign b 10 is number sign a-j and 193 is number sign a-i-c. These are preceded by a number sign which is dots 3-4-5-6. The first ten letters of the alphabet are used to make numbers. Capitalization is accomplished by placing a dot 6 in the cell just before the letter that is capitalized. There are no different symbols for capital letters in Braille. The six dots are commonly referred to by number according to their position in the cell. Other symbols consist of only some of these six dots. The basic Braille symbol, called the Braille cell, consists of six dots arranged in the formation of a rectangle, three dots high and two across.
It consists of arrangements of dots which make up letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation marks. When in good health, he maintained a heavy teaching load and held several jobs playing the organ.Braille: What Is It? What Does It Mean to the Blind?īraille is a system of reading and writing by touch used by the blind.
Braille developed tuberculosis in his mid-20s, and for the rest of his life had periods of health interspersed with times of pain and illness. Despite his small salary, he also made many personal gifts and loans to his students to help them purchase warm clothing and other necessities.
Braille saved enough money from his teaching position to buy himself a piano so he could practice whenever he wished.
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He later became the first blind full professor at the school. There, he taught algebra, grammar, music, and geography. 2 A talented musician, he also developed a Braille musical codification.Īs an adult, Braille became the first blind apprentice teacher at the New School for the Blind in Paris, France. He published the first Braille book, Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them, in 1829, at age 20. When he was 15, he invented a universal system for reading and writing to be used by people who are blind or visually impaired that now bears his name. His other eye went blind because of sympathetic ophthalmia, an inflammation of both eyes following trauma to one. At the age of three, he accidentally blinded himself in one eye with a stitching awl taken from his father's leather workshop. LOUIS BRAILLE (1809–1852) was born in Coupvray, a town in north central France, on January 4, 1809.
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